|
|
| Gold | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,32,18,1 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 |
| Ground state | 2S1/2 |
| Atomic Volume | 10.2 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 2.54 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.8 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -3.55 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 2030 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 364 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 12.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 343.1 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 25.418 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 318 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 14.2 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 2450 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 2.5 |
| Vickers hardness | 216 MPa |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 220 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.44 |
| Shear modulus | 27 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 78 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 2.2 x 10-8 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 2.4496 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 5.1 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 51 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
9.225 |
| Second
|
20.521 |
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
68.8037 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
66.9895 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 26.9) |
77.984 KeV |
| Kβ2 (intensity 11.1) |
78.0623 KeV |
| Kβ3 (intensity 10.3) |
78.1222 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
9.7133 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
9.628 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 35) |
11.4423 KeV |
| Lβ2 (intensity 17) |
11.5847 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 6) |
11.6078 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 4) |
11.2036 KeV |
| Lγ1 (intensity 5.5) |
13.3817 KeV |
| Lγ2 (intensity 1.5) |
13.7083 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 2) |
10.305 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 6) |
8.4928 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
135 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
174 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
144 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
166 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
123 pm |
| Metallic
|
144 pm |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 1 | VI | 1.51 | 1.37 | A |
| 3 | IVSQ | 0.82 | 0.68 | |
| VI | 0.99 | 0.85 | A | |
| 5 | VI | 0.71 | 0.57 | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Au+3 |
| Other
|
Au-1, Au0, Au+1, Au+2, Au+5, Au+7 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
890.1 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1980 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
2900 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4200 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
5600 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
7000 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
9300 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
11000 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
12800 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
14800 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1646 | 1814 | 2021 | 2281 | 2620 | 3078 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Cubic close packed |
 |
a = 407.82 pm |
| b = 407.82 pm | |
| c = 407.82 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |